Article: 母乳營養全面睇

根據世衛(WHO)的建議，頭6個月大的小寶寶最理想的食物是母乳。市面上的嬰兒配方的營養很接近母乳，但嬰兒配方絕不能代替母乳。

母乳營養全面睇

脂肪
每一百毫升的母乳含有3.5克脂肪，而母乳含有豐富長鏈多元不飽和脂肪酸，例如DHA及ARA，均有助腦部及眼睛的成長及發展。提提你，前乳(foremilk)的水份較多，脂肪較少;後乳(hindmilk)的脂肪則較多，所以餵哺母乳的時間應至少20分鐘。

蛋白質
每一百毫升的母乳含有0.9克蛋白質，較一般的嬰兒配方的蛋白質為少。小寶寶的腎臟還未發育完全，所以少量的膳食蛋白質能減低腎臟的負擔。Alpha-lactalbumin (alpha-protein)屬於whey protein(乳清蛋白)的一種，亦是母乳中主要的蛋白質(25-35%)。Alpha-protein容易消化，有助減輕小寶寶的胃部負擔;幫助鋅(礦物質)的吸收。其中的一種氨基酸--色氨酸 (Tryptophan)有助提昇睡眠質素。有研究指，如小寶寶吸收過量的蛋白質，長大成人後會很大機會患有慢性疾病及肥胖。

碳水化合物
每一百毫升的母乳含有7克乳醣

母乳中的礦物質及維他命含量則要視乎母親的飲食習慣，但唯一要注意的是母乳的鐵質及維他命D含量較低，一般嬰兒的鐵質儲備可長達6個月，其後便需要靠食物來補充，所以6個月大後，小寶寶便需要引進固體食物。

Nutrition Article: Counting Carbs: An Introduction to the Glycemic Index

Written By: Michelle Cheung, RD Published in Centered on Taipei monthly magazine, Nov 2013 issue 

Nutrition Article: The Facts about Probiotics

Written By: Michelle Cheung, RD

Published in Centered on Taipei monthly magazine, Sep 2013 issue

 

Diary: Wynne and Ryan on summer holidays in TW

Spending summer in TW is not so fun at all.  Beside having 35C everyday, typhoon visits us very often too.  The first typhoon is expecting to come tomorrow...

The kids are on holidays.  Ryan basically doesn't have much things to do since I didn't sign him up for any summer program, but I do teach Ryan at home...spelling, colouring, reading etc.  After a year in Smart Start, he speaks a lot of mandarin at home but sometimes, he mixes up mandarin with cantonese...  As for Wynne, she attends a local summer program where she gets to speak more mandarin with her friends...which is very good, I am not expecting her to learn chinese writing but at least she needs to speak fluent mandarin.  Oh, speaking of Wynne, she has shown a tremendous improvement in english speaking/literacy skills which really amazed me.  She uses phonics to spell the words and starts reading chapter books... but I hope she can speak up a little bit more and express her feeling in the class.

Nutrition Article: Are you having a happy diet?

Published in Centered on Taipei monthly magazine Jun 2013/Jul 2013 issue
Written by Michelle Cheung Chi-Kwun - State Registered Dietitian of Health Professions Council (UK)

Understanding our mood

We all have up and down days and stress can affect people from all walks of life, leading to both physical and psychological health issues; therefore, it is very important to cope with the emotional stress as soon as you realize it.  One of the main substances in our brain generating signals that not only control mood but also food intake is SEROTONIN.  If you are always craving for sweets and chocolate, probably your serotonin level is low.  On the other hand, higher serotonin levels help us to resist food that we don’t need, even when delicious temptations are readily available.  Studies showed that low serotonin levels are associated with depression.  Moreover, when you are under stress for a long period of time, health complications such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, obesity, shortness of breath and even heart diseases may arise.

If you find yourself grumpy, depressed or irritable, be sure to think of what you have eaten because diet could be one of the factors to such behavior and feeling!  Even though some foods make you depressed (eg. Caffeine, sweets and desserts, alcoholic beverages, etc.), some foods do actually make you happy.

There are several nutrients involved in our nervous system including the B vitamins (folate, niacin and riboflavin), vitamin C, selenium and magnesium, etc.  In this article, let us focus on 3 nutrients.

Introducing 3 Nutrients to stay HAPPY

1.     Omega 3 fatty acids

Omega 3 fatty acid is one of the important elements to make neurotransmitters.  Lacking omega 3 fatty acid in our body affects the level of serotonin and so does our mood.  Studies showed that omega-3 fatty acids in fish are associated with lower risk of depression, and people with mood disorders have relatively lower omega 3 fatty acids level in their body.

Food (per 100g)	Content of omega 3 fatty acids (mg)
Salmon	1,429
Tuna	1,141
Crab	361
Oyster	291
Halibut	258
Canned tuna in water	233
Shrimp	222

 2.     Tryptophan

Tryptophan, one of the essential amino acids, is the building block of serotonin.

Food sources: oatmeal/banana/milk/cheese/turkey/tofu/peanut/poultry/peanut butter

However, we have 20 types of amino acids in our body, and tryptophan is just one of them.  The remaining 19 amino acids will compete with tryptophan for the transportation in our brain; therefore, we need the assistance of the 3^rd “happy nutrient”—Carbohydrate!

3.     Complex Carbohydrate (Low glycemic index-GI carbs)

 

Carbohydrates can help transport all amino acids except tryptophan into different cells from the blood, causing a reduced level of other amino acids and a relatively larger proportion of tryptophan in the bloodstream, tryptophan is able to transport to our brain at a higher rate.  As a result, it allows our brain to utilize tryptophan more efficiently and the conversion rate of serotonin in our brain will be increased.

On its own, carbs can affect our mood as well.  Many people tend to skip carb as they perceive carb as fattening!  Studies showed that people who followed a very low carbohydrate diet (taking the amount in ~ 1/2 cup of rice and 1 piece of bread per day) for a year, experienced more depression, anxiety and anger than those assigned to a low-fat, high-carb diet that focused on low-fat dairy, whole grains, fruit and beans.

When our blood sugar level is low, we are more prone to be fatigue, anxious, easily distracted by others; however, if we consume sugary foods or simple carbs, our blood sugar level surges up and becomes very unsteady, and so does our mood, and that’s why skipping meals and consumption of simple carbs are discouraged.  Low GI carbs (complex carbs), on the other hand, are carbs that have a minimal effect on our blood sugar level after consumption and they are digested more slowly; hence they not only help to stabilize our mood but also keep us feeling full for longer. 

Low GI carbs: Whole grains, oatmeal and cereals, starchy carbs (eg. Corn/potato), pasta, fruits, beans and legumes

Tips to stay HAPPY:

1.     Consistent eating pattern, include 1 or 2 snacks between main meals (eg. Fruits)
2.     Avoid simple carbohydrate and focus on whole grains
3.     Moderate protein food intake including fatty fish
4.     Eat a wide variety of food; avoid alcoholic beverages and excessive caffeine intake

Michelle Cheung is currently a full-time mom to 2 but was previously working as a Clinical Dietitian in Hong Kong.

 

Article: Fat and Exercise

Text: Michelle CHEUNG, Dietitian
Published in Centered on Taipei, 2013 March issue

Article: One man's food may be another man's posion: understanding food allergy

 

Published in Centered on Taipei monthly magazine Dec 2012/Jan 2013 issue